What political philosophy emphasizes the protection of individual rights by limiting government power?

Classical liberalism is a political philosophy that prioritizes the protection of individual rights and freedoms while advocating for a limited role of government in the lives of citizens. This philosophy emerged during the Enlightenment and emphasizes the importance of personal liberty, private property, and free markets. Classical liberal thinkers, such as John Locke and Adam Smith, argued that government authority should be constrained to prevent tyranny and ensure that individuals can pursue their own interests without unnecessary interference. By advocating for checks and balances on governmental power, classical liberalism seeks to create a society where individual rights are safeguarded, promoting both personal freedom and economic prosperity.

In contrast, socialism typically advocates for collective ownership and may involve a larger role for government in economic affairs to ensure equality and social welfare. Conservatism places an emphasis on tradition and maintaining social order, which can sometimes involve a stronger government role in certain aspects of society. Progressivism seeks to address social issues and injustices through government intervention, aiming for reform and progress rather than strictly limiting government power. Each of these philosophies offers a different view on the role and extent of government, highlighting why classical liberalism distinctly focuses on limiting government to protect individual rights.